Total solar eclipse before Augustus' death proves Herod the Great's death wasn't on 4 BC as claimed by Emil Schürer
Most scholarship concerning the date of Herod's death follows Emil Schürer's calculations, which revised a traditional death date of 1 BC to 4 BC. W.E. Filmer (“The Chronology of the Reign of Herod the Great,” The Journal of Theological Studies, pp. 283–298) tells us why:
"One of the chief reasons for supposing that Herod died in 4 B.C. is that his sons who succeeded him appear to have begun their reigns in that year. Thus Archelaus, ruler of Judea and Samaria, was banished in 7 A.D. after a reign of ten years; Antipas, tetrarch of Galilee and Perea, who died in 40 A.D., reigned, according to coin evidence, forty-three years, while Philip, tetrarch of Iturea, died in the 20th year of Tiberius, 34 A.D., after a reign of thirty-seven years."
In spite of this, some people, including myself, still support the traditional date of 1 BC for Herod's death. But how does one reconcile the 3 years difference between what seems to be the year Herod’s successors ascended to their thrones, namely 4 BC, and the year 1 BC which I believe to be the year Herod died and Christ was born?
I believe the events in Roman history during the time of Christ were dated 3 years too early. Cassius Dio, a Roman statesman and historian circa 2nd and 3rd century AD, tells us that a total solar eclipse occurred shortly before the death of Augustus, which people interpreted as an omen of his impending death.
Cassius Dio “Roman History”, Book 56, Chapter 29: 2-5 For in the following year, when Sextus Apuleius and Sextus Pompeius were consuls, Augustus set out for Campania, and after superintending the games at Neapolis, passed away shortly afterward at Nola. Indeed, not a few omens had appeared, and these by no means difficult of interpretation, all pointing to this fate for him. Thus, the sun suffered a total eclipse and most of the sky seemed to be on fire; glowing embers appeared to be falling from it and blood-red comets were seen. When a meeting of the senate had been appointed on account of the emperor's illness, in order that they might offer prayers, the senate-house was found closed and an owl sitting on it hooted.
A thunderbolt fell upon his statue that stood upon the Capitol and blotted out the first letter of the name "Caesar." This led the seers to declare that on the hundredth day after that he should attain to some divine state... Now these signs appeared beforehand while he was still alive;
Augustus’ death is traditionally dated by historians on August 19, 14 AD during the consulships of Sextus Apuleius and Sextus Pompeius. However, if one searches through Nasa’s Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses for the years 7 AD until 16 AD, one cannot find a total solar eclipse that was visible in the Roman empire during this period. And specifically on 14 AD, all the solar eclipses that occurred on this year were all partial eclipses only. But, on February 15, 17 AD, a total solar eclipse was visible throughout the then Roman empire, and even had its maximum eclipse centered on 32°N 17°E, or very near Libya which was under Roman domination between 146 BC and 672 AD.
If Cassius Dio is to be believed, then Augustus Caesar could not have died on the years 7 AD until 16 AD. And that the earliest possible date for Augustus’ death would have to be shortly after the February 15, 17 AD total solar eclipse, or about 3 years later than the historical date of his death.
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